Why is it important for a pregnant client who is HIV positive to avoid alcohol and cigarettes?

It is crucial for a pregnant client who is HIV positive to avoid alcohol and cigarettes primarily to avoid further stress on the maternal immune system. Both alcohol and tobacco use can have detrimental effects on the immune system, potentially exacerbating the already compromised immune status of an HIV-positive individual. Alcohol can impair immune function and liver metabolism, while smoking is associated with increased susceptibility to infections and can hinder the body's ability to manage the HIV virus effectively.

These substances can also contribute to poor pregnancy outcomes, including the risk of preterm labor and low birth weight, by increasing inflammation and negatively impacting overall health. Therefore, avoiding these substances helps to protect both the mother and the fetus, ensuring that the pregnant individual maintains the best possible health during pregnancy and minimizes any risk associated with HIV transmission and maternal health complications.